%% This is emulateapj5.sty, version Dec 11, 2001
%% if this version is old please obtain a new one at the site below
%%
%%
%% `emulateapj5' is a LaTeX2e style to approximate the Astrophysical
%% Journal (ApJ) page look. The page length of the document is close to that
%% in ApJ if postscript Times fonts are used instead of the standard CM fonts
%% (see below).
%% 
%% The file emulateapj5.sty is a complementary package to the AAS (American
%% Astronomical Society) document class aastex.cls. If a manuscript is
%% prepared using the standard AAS macros used for electronic manuscript
%% submission, the only thing required from the user is to add
%% \usepackage{emulateapj5}.
%%
%%
%% The latest version of emulateapj.sty is available from
%% http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~alexey/emulateapj/
%% To use Times postscript fonts, you may use the accompanying file
%% apjfonts.sty (at the site above, there is also a package of font files
%% if necessary), but modern TeX distributions may provide better
%% alternatives.
%% 
%% 
%% Alexey Vikhlinin <alexey@head-cfa.harvard.edu>
%%
%%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%% Solutions for some common problems:
%% 
%% 1) Because `multicol' package cannot deal with floats of the width of the
%% single column, footnotes, figures, tables etc. can only be set across two
%% columns (that is, use `figure*' environment instead of `figure'.)
%% Alternatively, insert figures as non-floats in the exact place of the text
%% by hand.
%% 
%% 2) There is a command \submitted{your text} to replace the default text
%% in the upper left corner of the front page ("Draft version \today") with
%% `your text'. Use it before the title commands. You may also use the AASTeX
%% command \slugcomment.
%% 
%% 3) There is a package option `onecolumn'
%% \usepackage[onecolumn]{emulateapj}, which sets the whole paper in one column
%% mode as is done by the ApJ for papers with lengthy equations. Even if the
%% document is `onecolumn', `thebibliography' or `references' are typeset in
%% two columns.
%% 
%% 4) The \title command makes the entire title text, even math, upper case.
%% If you wish to preserve the lower case in some portion of the title, use 
%% the \lowercase macro, e.g. \title{Upper case text \lowercase{$lower case$}}
%% If you wish to preserve the letter case in the entrire title, redefine
%% the \uppercase macro locally: 
%% {\let\uppercase\relax \title{The Title} }
%%
%% 5) By default, sections within appendix are not numbered:
%%                 APPENDIX
%%        Derivation of equation 1
%%
%%    If you want the numbered sections within appendix
%%                 APPENDIX
%%        A. Derivation of equation 1
%%   \usepackage[numberedappendix]{emulateapj}
%%
%% 6) The comment string in the top-left corner of the first page can be
%%    controlled by the \journalinfo command (unavailable in standard
%%    AASTeX), e.g. \journalinfo{astro-ph/xxxxxx}. Be sure to issue this
%%    command before \title.
%%
%%    By default, the contents of the top-left comment string is identical
%%    to \slugcomment, which is printed before the abstract in italics.
%%
%%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%% Changes:
%% 28 Jan 00 (AV): Original release, incorporating all of the important code
%%                 from emulateapj, but with a substantial rewriting.
%% 11 Apr 00 (AV): Change spacing between the affiliation and slugcomment,
%%                 and also the font size for slugcomment.
%%
%% 20 Apr 00 (AV): change sizes in aastex \cutinhead.
%%
%% 22 Jun 00 (AV): make \altaffilmark use \textsuperscript to please the
%%                 owners of expert fonts
%%
%% 14 Jul 00 (AV): put a space between the footnotemark and text.
%%
%% 15 Jul 00 (AV): instead of \UpperCase\footnotesize, the section titles
%%                 are set in \scshape\lowercase
%%
%% 16 Jul 00 (AV): appendix sections can be optionally numbered with the
%%                 [numberedappendix] package option.
%%
%% 21 Aug 00 (AV): add \mbox{} to definition of \@mkfntext to deal with the
%%                 AAStex's poor definition of \@mkfnmark involving \rlap
%%
%% 26 Aug 00 (AV): prohibit page break between ``APPENDIX'' and the first
%%                 appendix title.
%%
%% 14 Sep 00 (AV): a) add definition of \email (AASTeX's one did not work)
%%                 b) per suggestion from Joel Parker, the comment on
%%                 top-left can be controlled by \journalinfo independetly
%%                 of the \slugcomment
%%
%% 19 Feb 01 (AV): set \@rightskip=\z@ to remove \raggedright from the
%% lists.
%%
%% 25 Apr 01 (AV): use \centering in title and add explicit vertical
%%                 space before \author (to allow multiple \author) commands
%%
%% 11 Dec 01 (AV): \altaffiltext uses arabic marks when inside \author{}
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% Copyright 2000-2001 Alexey Vikhlinin
%%
%% The original idea is due to Maxim Markevitch who wrote the first version
%% of this package
%%
%% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
%% of the LaTeX Project Public License available from CTAN archives in
%% directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt. This means you are free to use and
%% distribute this package; however, if you modify anything, please change the
%% file name and remove the authors email address.
%%
%% Alexey Vikhlinin <alexey@head-cfa.harvard.edu>
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\def\emulapj@ver{11/12/01}

\RequirePackage{multicol,epsf,graphicx}
\ProvidesPackage{emulateapj5}

%  ****************************************************
%  * Fix aastex pecularities                          *
%  ****************************************************
\rightskip \z@
\@rightskip=\z@
\AtBeginDocument{% 
 \everypar{}
}% 

%%%%%%%% The following code is taken from size10.clo; it fixes
%%%%%%%% aastex's definition of type sizes
\renewcommand\normalsize{%
   \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt\@xiipt
   \abovedisplayskip 0.0625in \@plus2\p@ \@minus5\p@
   \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@
   \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus3\p@
   \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
   \let\@listi\@listI}
\normalsize
\renewcommand\small{%
   \@setfontsize\small\@ixpt{11}%
   \abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus4\p@
   \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@
   \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@
   \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
               \itemsep \parsep}%
   \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
}
\renewcommand\footnotesize{%
   \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@viiipt{9.5}%
   \abovedisplayskip 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
   \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus\p@
   \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus2\p@
   \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 3\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@
               \itemsep \parsep}%
   \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
}
\renewcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viipt\@viiipt}
\renewcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vpt\@vipt}
\renewcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14}}
\renewcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18}}
\renewcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{22}}
\renewcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}}
\renewcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}}
\setlength\smallskipamount{3\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@}
\setlength\medskipamount{6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
\setlength\bigskipamount{12\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
\setlength\headheight{12\p@}
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
            \parsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
            \topsep 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
            \itemsep4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@}
\let\@listI\@listi
\@listi
\def\@listii {\leftmargin\leftmarginii
              \labelwidth\leftmarginii
              \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
              \topsep    4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@
              \parsep    2\p@ \@plus\p@  \@minus\p@
              \itemsep   \parsep}
\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
              \labelwidth\leftmarginiii
              \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
              \topsep    2\p@ \@plus\p@\@minus\p@
              \parsep    \z@
              \partopsep \p@ \@plus\z@ \@minus\p@
              \itemsep   \topsep}
\def\@listiv {\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
              \labelwidth\leftmarginiv
              \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
\def\@listv  {\leftmargin\leftmarginv
              \labelwidth\leftmarginv
              \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
\def\@listvi {\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
              \labelwidth\leftmarginvi
              \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}


\def\open@footnotetext{%
 \insert\footins\bgroup % \egroup in \close@footnotetext
 \footnotesize% Added by AV
  \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty
  \splittopskip\footnotesep
  \splitmaxdepth\dp\strutbox
  \floatingpenalty \@MM
  \reset@font\footnote@size
  \hsize\columnwidth
  \@parboxrestore
}%



%  ****************************************************
%  *             TWO AND SINGLE ONE COLUMN STYLES: AV *
%  ****************************************************
%
% I define `slocitlum' which is \relax if onecolumn option is chosen or
% plain multicols if twocolumn (default option); `slocitlum' is used
% everywhere except for `thebibliography' and `references' which should be
% always set in two columns.
%
\newenvironment{slocitlum}[1]{\relax}{\relax}
\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{
\renewenvironment{slocitlum}[1]{\begin{multicols}{#1}}{\end{multicols}}
}
\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{
\renewenvironment{slocitlum}[1]{\relax}{\relax}
}
\ExecuteOptions{twocolumn}


%%%%% include atbeginend.sty by AV:

% Copy \begin and \end to \BeginEnvironment and \EndEnvironment
\let\BeginEnvironment=\begin
\let\EndEnvironment=\end
%% \ifundefined from TeXbook
\def\IfUnDef#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax}
% Null command needed to eat its argument
\def\NullCom#1{}
\def\begin#1{%
% if defined \BeforeBeg for this environment, execute it
\IfUnDef{BeforeBeg#1}\else\csname BeforeBeg#1\endcsname\fi%
\IfUnDef{AfterBeg#1}% This is done to skip the command for environments
                     % which can take arguments, like multicols; YOU MUST NOT
                     % USE \AfterBegin{...}{...} for such environments!
        \let\SaveBegEnd=\BeginEnvironment%
\else
        % Start this environment
                \BeginEnvironment{#1}%
        % and execute code after \begin{environment}
                \csname AfterBeg#1\endcsname
        \let\SaveBegEnd=\NullCom
\fi
\SaveBegEnd{#1}
}
\def\end#1{%
% execute code before \end{environment}
\IfUnDef{BeforeEnd#1}\else\csname BeforeEnd#1\endcsname\fi%
% close this environment
\EndEnvironment{#1}
% and execute code after \begin{environment}
\IfUnDef{AfterEnd#1}\else\csname AfterEnd#1\endcsname\fi%
}
\def\BeforeBegin#1#2{\expandafter\gdef\csname BeforeBeg#1\endcsname {#2}}
\def\BeforeEnd  #1#2{\expandafter\gdef\csname BeforeEnd#1\endcsname {#2}}
\def\AfterBegin #1#2{\expandafter\gdef\csname AfterBeg#1\endcsname {#2}}
\def\AfterEnd   #1#2{\expandafter\gdef\csname AfterEnd#1\endcsname{#2}}

%%%% end of atbeginend.sty

%  ****************************************
%  *            PAGE LAYOUT               *
%  ****************************************

% Page size, spacing parameters, etc.

%% (MM) for ApJ approx, using Times-Roman 10pt font:
\textwidth=18.55cm
\columnsep=8.5mm
\parindent=3.5mm
\voffset=-20mm
\hoffset=-9mm

\newlength{\abstrwidth}
\abstrwidth=15.9cm

\topmargin=0in
\headheight=.15in
\headsep=0.5in
\oddsidemargin=0in
\evensidemargin=0in
\parskip=0cm

%\tolerance=600          % 3x "normal" value; cuts down on overfull complaints

\def\@tightleading{1.1}
\def\@doubleleading{1.6}

%% AV,MM, to have 63 lines per column, with textheight 25cm:
\def\baselinestretch{0.92}
\textheight=24.4cm
\textheight=63\baselineskip
\textheight=\baselinestretch\textheight
\ifdim\textheight>24.6cm\textheight=24.4cm\fi

\let\tighten=\relax
\let\tightenlines=\tighten
\let\singlespace=\relax
\let\doublespace=\relax

\def\eqsecnum{
    \@newctr{equation}[section]
    \def\theequation{\hbox{\normalsize\arabic{section}-\arabic{equation}}}}

%% running heads:
\def\lefthead#1{\gdef\@versohead{#1}} \lefthead{\relax}
\def\righthead#1{\gdef\@rectohead{#1}} \righthead{\relax}
\let\shorttitle=\lefthead        % New AASTEX commands
\let\shortauthors\righthead      % New AASTEX commands

%% MM Create "apjheads" page style:
\def\ps@apjheads{\let\@mkboth\markboth
    \def\@evenfoot{}
    \def\@evenhead{\lower9mm\hbox to\textwidth{
                     \rm\thepage\hfil \rm\@rectohead \hfil}}}
    \def\@oddfoot{}
    \def\@oddhead{\lower9mm\hbox to\textwidth{
                     \hfil\rm\@versohead\hfil \rm\thepage}}
\@twosidetrue
\ps@apjheads

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%    TITLE PAGE                                                  %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\def\maketitle{\relax}% Because aastex makes its own fron matter

\renewenvironment{abstract}[0]{\centering\vskip 0.1in
  \begin{minipage}{\abstrwidth}
    \vspace{2pt}
    \centerline{ABSTRACT}
    \vspace{3pt}
    \parindent=3.5mm}
  {\end{minipage}\par}

\BeforeBegin{abstract}{{\footnotesize
    \vskip 0.1\baselineskip%x
    \centerline{\it{\@submitted}}
    }}

\def\ps@apjbot{
  \def\@oddfoot{\raise7mm\hbox to\textwidth{\hfil\rm\thepage\hfil}}
  \def\@oddhead{}}

\def\title#1{{\thispagestyle{apjbot}
    \subtitle
    \vspace{12mm}
    \par
    \centering
    \begin{minipage}{\abstrwidth}
      \center\uppercase{#1}\endcenter
    \end{minipage}\par}}

\def\author#1{%
  {
    \vspace{8pt}
    \centering
    \begin{minipage}{0.9\abstrwidth}
      \def\thempfootnote{\@arabic\c@mpfootnote}
      \center\small\scshape#1\endcenter
    \end{minipage}
    \par
    }
  }
%\let\authoraddr=\@gobble
%\let\authoremail=\@gobble

\def\affil#1{\vspace{2pt}{\centering  \footnotesize\def\baselinestretch{1.0}%
    \begin{minipage}{0.9\abstrwidth}%
      \centering      #1\par%
    \end{minipage}%
    \par%
    }}

\def\altaffilmark#1{\textsuperscript{#1}}
\def\altaffiltext#1#2{\footnotetext[#1]{#2}\stepcounter{footnote}}
\def\email#1{{\par\centering\footnotesize#1\par}}

% Redefine the LaTeX \and command for this style.
%% MM
\def\and{\vspace{0pt}{\topsep\z@\center {\sc and}\endcenter}\vspace{3pt}}

%  ****************************************
%  *             KEYWORDS                 *
%  ****************************************

\def\@keywordtext{Subject headings}
\def\@keyworddelim{---}

%% MM,AV
\newlength{\kwdtextwidth}
\settowidth{\kwdtextwidth}{{\it\@keywordtext:\/}}
\def\keywords#1{\begin{center}
  \begin{minipage}{\abstrwidth}
  \vspace*{-6pt}\raggedright
  \par\hangindent=\kwdtextwidth\hangafter=1 \noindent
  {\it\@keywordtext:\/}\space #1
  \end{minipage}  
\end{center}}

\let\subjectheadings=\keywords

\def\@kwds#1{#1\relax}


%  ****************************************
%  *             FOOTNOTES                *
%  ****************************************

%% MM
\skip\footins 2mm
\footnotesep 2ex
\let\footnoterule\relax

%% ApJ puts a space between the footnotemarm and text. \mbox{} is added to
%% fix the bad behavior of AAStex
\def\@makefntext#1{\mbox{}\@makefnmark~#1}



\def\notetoeditor#1{}%   % We do not need notes to editor in the preprint

%  ****************************************
%  *             SECTIONS                 *
%  ****************************************

\newif\if@firstsection \@firstsectiontrue

%% MM: section vertical indents by eye:
\def\section{%
  \if@firstsection\@firstsectionfalse\begin{slocitlum}{2}\fi%
    \@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{10pt plus 2pt minus 1pt}{5pt}{\scshape \center}}
  
\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{5pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}{5pt}%
  {\normalsize\it \center}}

\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
  {2ex plus 1ex minus .2ex}{1ex plus .2ex}{\normalsize\it \center}}

\def\thesection{\@arabic{\c@section}}
\def\thesubsection{\thesection.\@arabic{\c@subsection}}
\def\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection.\@arabic{\c@subsubsection}}
\def\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection.\@arabic{\c@paragraph}}


\def\sec@upcase#1{\lowercase{#1}}
\def\subsec@upcase#1{\relax{#1}}

\def\secnum@size{\small}
\def\subsecnum@size{\normalsize}

%
% How the section number will appear in the section title - AV
\def\ApjSectionMarkInTitle#1{#1.\ }
\def\ApjSectionpenalty{0}

\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8%
{\@tempskipa #5\relax 
 \ifdim \@tempskipa >\z@ \begingroup
     #6\relax 
  \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \def \@svsec {}\else 
    \refstepcounter{#1} \edef \@svsec {\ApjSectionMarkInTitle 
    {\csname the#1\endcsname}}\fi
  \@hangfrom {\hskip #3\relax 
    \ifnum #2=1\secnum@size {\rm\@svsec~}%
    \else \subsecnum@size {\rm\@svsec~}\fi }%
  {\interlinepenalty \@M 
   \ifnum #2=1\sec@upcase{#8}%
   \else \subsec@upcase{#8}\fi\par}\endgroup 
  \csname #1mark\endcsname {#7}\addcontentsline{toc}{#1}%
  {\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else \protect \numberline 
     {\csname the#1\endcsname }\fi #7}%
  \else 
  \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \def \@svsec {}\else 
    \refstepcounter{#1} \edef \@svsec {\ApjSectionMarkInTitle 
    {\csname the#1\endcsname}}\fi
    \def \@svsechd {#6\hskip #3%
    \ifnum #2=1\secnum@size{\rm\@svsec~}\else\subsecnum@size{\rm\@svsec~}\fi%
    \ifnum #2=1\sec@upcase{#8}\else\subsec@upcase{#8}\fi%
     \csname #1mark\endcsname {#7}\addcontentsline{toc}{#1}%
      {\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else \protect \numberline {\csname
      the#1\endcsname }\fi #7}}\fi \@xsect {#5} \penalty \ApjSectionpenalty
%-refstepcounter is now within a group. So \@currentlabel, which is normally
%-set by \refstepcounter is hidden within a group. Need to set it manually.
\protected@edef\@currentlabel{\csname p@#1\endcsname\csname the#1\endcsname}
}


\def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{\@tempskipa #3\relax
   \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
     \begingroup #4\@hangfrom{\hskip #1}{\interlinepenalty \@M
       \sec@upcase{#5}\par}\endgroup
   \else \def\@svsechd{#4\hskip #1\relax \sec@upcase{#5}}\fi
    \@xsect{#3}
% MM:
\penalty \ApjSectionpenalty}


\def\acknowledgments{\vskip 3ex plus .8ex minus .4ex}
\let\acknowledgements=\acknowledgments                  % second spelling


%  ****************************************
%  *          APPENDIX                    *
%  ****************************************

\def\AppendixApjSectionMarkInTitle#1{\relax}
\DeclareOption{numberedappendix}{
  \def\AppendixApjSectionMarkInTitle#1{#1.\ }
}

\renewenvironment{appendix}[0]{
        \if\inmulticols\inmulticolstest\end{slocitlum}\fi
        \vskip 10pt plus 2pt minus 1pt
        \noindent\mbox{}\hfill{\small APPENDIX}\hfill\mbox{}\par
        \nopagebreak\medskip\@nobreaktrue\def\ApjSectionpenalty{\@M}
        \@firstsectionfalse
          \setcounter{section}{0}
          \setcounter{subsection}{0}
          \setcounter{equation}{0}
%  \setcounter{figure}{0}
%  \setcounter{table}{0}
%  \def\fnum@figure{Figure \Alph{section}\thefigure:}
%  \def\fnum@table{Table \Alph{section}\thetable:}
          \def\thesection{\Alph{section}}
          \def\theequation{\hbox{\Alph{section}\arabic{equation}}}
          \def\thefigure{\thesection\@arabic\c@figure}
          \def\thetable{\thesection\@arabic\c@table}
%
% Do not use appendix numbers in the titles
          \def\ApjSectionMarkInTitle{\AppendixApjSectionMarkInTitle}
          \def\section{\setcounter{equation}{0}\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@} 
            {10pt}{5pt}{\centering\scshape}}
%
%
          }{}
        \BeforeBegin{appendix}{\if\inmulticols\inmulticolstest\end{slocitlum}}



%  ****************************************
%  *          BIBLIOGRAPHY                *
%  ****************************************

\renewenvironment{references}[0]{
  \vspace{3pt plus 3pt}
%     \hbox to \textwidth{\centerline{\footnotesize REFERENCES}}
%     \vspace{-5pt}
  \begin{multicols}{2}[\hbox to \textwidth{\centerline{\footnotesize
        REFERENCES}} \vspace{-5pt}]
    \parindent=0cm \parskip=0cm
    \footnotesize \baselineskip=8pt \interlinepenalty \@M
    \hyphenpenalty=10000
    \frenchspacing    % AV - to get right spacing after ``et al.''
    \def\refpar{\par\hangindent=1.2em\hangafter=1}}
  {\end{multicols}}

% redefine thebibliography
\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1]{
  \vspace{3pt plus 3 pt}                                      % AV
  \begin{multicols}{2}[\hbox                                  % AV
    to \textwidth{\centerline{\footnotesize                 % AV
        REFERENCES}} \vspace{-5pt}]                             % AV
    \list{
      \@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
    {
      \@openbib@code
      \parindent=0pt \parskip=0pt \parsep=0pt % AV
      \bibindent=0pt                          %
      \footnotesize \baselineskip=8pt  \interlinepenalty \@M  % AV
      \frenchspacing    % AV - to get right spacing after ``et al.''
      \hyphenpenalty=10000
      \itemindent=-1.0em                      %
      \itemsep=0pt                            %
      \listparindent=0pt                      %
      \settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}  %
      \labelsep=0pt                           %
      \leftmargin=1.0em
      \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
      \usecounter{enumiv}%
      \let\p@enumiv\@empty
      \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
    \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000%
    \sfcode`\.\@m}
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
    \endlist\if\inmulticols\inmulticolstest\end{multicols}\fi}

% %% AV: 
\def\inmulticols{0}
\def\inmulticolstest{1}
\BeforeBegin{multicols}{\def\inmulticols{1}}
\AfterEnd{multicols}{\def\inmulticols{0}}
\BeforeBegin{slocitlum}{\def\inmulticols{1}}
\AfterEnd{slocitlum}{\def\inmulticols{0}}


\BeforeBegin{references}{\if\inmulticols\inmulticolstest\end{slocitlum}%
                        \else\vspace{10pt}\fi}
\BeforeBegin{thebibliography}{\if\inmulticols\inmulticolstest\end{slocitlum}%
                        \else\vspace{10pt}\fi}
\BeforeEnd{document}{\if\inmulticols\inmulticolstest\end{slocitlum}\fi}

\def\reference{\@ifnextchar\bgroup {\@reference}
        {\@latexerr{Missing key on reference command}
        {Each reference command should have a key corresponding to a markcite somewhere in the text}}}
\def\@reference#1{\relax\refpar}

%% subtitle header and journal info:
\def\submitted#1{\gdef\@submitted{#1}}
\def\journalinfo#1{\gdef\@journalinfo{#1}}
\def\subtitle{
  \vspace*{-12mm}
  \noindent
  {\scriptsize {\sc \@journalinfo} \\
        Preprint typeset using \LaTeX\ style emulateapj v.5\ (\emulapj@ver)}
}
\let\slugcomment\submitted   % slugcomment == submitted
\submitted{Draft version \today}
\journalinfo{\@submitted}

%% AV: allow figures to take the whole page
\renewcommand{\topfraction}{1.0}
\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{1.0}
\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.0}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%  Equations                                             %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% EQNARRAY with reduced spacing around tab characters - AV
\def\eqnarray{%
  \stepcounter{equation}%
  \def\@currentlabel{\p@equation\theequation}%
  \global\@eqnswtrue
  \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0.25\arraycolsep}
  \m@th
  \global\@eqcnt\z@
  \tabskip\@centering
  \let\\\@eqncr
  $$\everycr{}\halign to\displaywidth\bgroup
  \hskip\@centering$\displaystyle\tabskip\z@skip{##}$\@eqnsel
  &\global\@eqcnt\@ne\hskip \tw@\arraycolsep \hfil${##}$\hfil
  &\global\@eqcnt\tw@ \hskip \tw@\arraycolsep
  $\displaystyle{##}$\hfil\tabskip\@centering
  &\global\@eqcnt\thr@@ \hb@xt@\z@\bgroup\hss##\egroup
  \tabskip\z@skip
  \cr
  }

%  ****************************************
%  *         TABLES AND FIGURES           *
%  ****************************************

\setcounter{topnumber}{7}

\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{5pt}
\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
  \noindent\begin{minipage}{0.99\linewidth} %% \noindent is needed because
    %% otherwise minipage + parindent does not fit into the line and spurious
    %% vertical skip appear after caption
    \if\csname ftype@\@captype\endcsname 2  
    \vskip 2ex\noindent \centering\small\scshape  #1 #2\par\medskip
    \else
    \vskip \abovecaptionskip\footnotesize\noindent #1 #2\par\vskip \belowcaptionskip
    \fi
  \end{minipage}
  }

%%%%%%%%%%%% FIX \cutinhead
\renewcommand\cutinhead[1]{% 
 \noalign{\vskip 1.5ex}% 
 \hline 
 \@ptabularcr 
 \noalign{\vskip -1.5ex}% 
 \multicolumn{\pt@ncol}{c}{#1}% 
 \@ptabularcr 
 \noalign{\vskip .8ex}% 
 \hline 
 \@ptabularcr 
 \noalign{\vskip -2ex}% 
}% 


%% suggested by Joern Wilms wilms@astro.uni-tuebingen.de 
%%                          wilms@rocinante.colorado.edu
\def\@figcaption#1{{\def\@captype{figure}\caption{\footnotesize #1}}}
\def\@xfigcaption[#1]#2{{\def\@captype{figure}\caption{\footnotesize #2}}}

\def\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
\def\fnum@figure{{\footnotesize\scshape ~~Fig.\space\thefigure.---}}

\def\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
%%% Table captions without making a floating table
\def\tablehead#1{\gdef\pt@head{\hline\hline\relax\\[-1.7ex]
    #1\hskip\tabcolsep\\[.7ex]\hline\relax\\[-1.5ex]}} \def\pt@head{\relax}
\def\tabcaption{\@ifnextchar[{\@xtabcaption}{\@tabcaption}}
\def\@tabcaption#1{{\def\@captype{table}\caption{#1}}}
\def\@xtabcaption[#1]#2{{\def\@captype{table}\caption{#2}}}
\def\fnum@table{{\centering{\scshape Table~\thetable}\vskip0.7ex\relax}}
\let\fnum@ptable=\fnum@table
\def\fnum@ptablecont{{\centering{\scshape Table~\thetable}---{\itshape Continued}}}% 
\let\tablefontsize=\tabletypesize % for compatibility with old documents
\long\def\@make@caption@text#1#2{% 
  {\small\centering#1{\scshape #2}\par\vskip1.4ex}
}% 
\long\def\@makecaption@plano@cont#1#2{% 
  {\small \centering#1\par}\vskip1.4ex\relax
}% 



\ProcessOptions
