The Academic Advisors

201 Legal Issues

While it is rare that legal action is taken against academic advisors, we must be aware of the legal obligations and responsibilities inherent in our roles. This outline of general principles, documents and resources provides a basic overview of legal issues with additional detail on the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) which is also described in the ASU Schedule of Classes.

201.1 General Principles / Documents and Resources

Overview of Legal Aspects of Academic Advising,

taken from a presentation by Dr. Wes Habley.

Definition - what is an implied contract?

In some circumstances, a contractual relationship may arise from communication between two parties, even if a formal written "agreement" is never signed.

1. Publications may, in some cases, constitute an implied contract.

These include:

catalog

recruitment materials

handbooks

program planning worksheets (check sheets)

other publications

degree audit reports

2. Although once it arises, the implied contract is binding, the institution/program has the latitude to revise and update its publications provided:

a. reasonable notification is given to student.

b. the new conditions or policies are not applied retroactively to students, unless they receive notice in the original copy that this may happen.

c. the changes do not substantially alter the nature and character of the original program unless the original notice informs students that the program may change.

3. Services or outcomes promised must be delivered unless you make provision of the service subject to certain conditions or exigencies. (If you say it, you must do it.) Examples might include:

a. skills remediation

b. job placement

c. internship assignments

d. health services

e. advising services

4. Failure to follow published procedures either internally derived or externally imposed may lead to breach of contract litigation.

5. Policies can be de facto. That is, based on academic custom and usage. Even though they are not written or published, long standing practices may, in some cases, establish precedents.

6. If an institution has established due process procedures for academic decisions, that process must be followed.

7. An advisor's oral statements may in some cases, be binding on the institution.

a. Particularly in the absence or vagueness of published regulations or guidelines.

b. Advisors acting within the course and scope of his or her authority are agents of the institution.

8. The advisor may be a party in litigation if:

a. Advisor was acting beyond the scope of his or her authority OR advisor was clearly contrary to institutional policy AND

b. Advice was acted on, AND

c. Action resulted in the harm (or perceived harm).

201.2 Legal Common Sense for Academic Advising

1. Conduct periodic and careful review of all printed material to see if they coincide with practice.

2. Include bold and appropriate disclaimers in printed materials.

3. If policies, programs, or procedures are modified, provide ample lead time and publish changes so that students are aware of the changes and have time to adjust to them.

4. Clarify the administrative level at which discretion may be exercised on the interpretation of policies and procedures.

5. Establish and communicate the chain of command for appealing policies and procedures.

6. Refuse to promote broad claims for outcomes.

7. Do not hesitate to consult the Office of General Counsel (965-4550) for information or clarification.

8. Do not equivocate or apologize to students for policies with which you personally disagree.

201.3 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) Questions and Answers

FERPA, 1974, sets forth the requirements governing the protection of the privacy of the education records of students who are or have been in attendance at ASU.

Q: What is the difference between the Buckley Amendment, the Privacy Act, and FERPA?

A: Nothing. They all refer to The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, as amended.

Q: What are the basics of FERPA?

A: In general, FERPA says that students must have access to their education records, that they have privacy rights regarding their education records.

1. How is the information disseminated about FERPA?

A. Schedule of Classes

B. Annual State Press advertisement

C. ASU General Catalog

D. Student Affairs Manual, STA 105-01, 1 through 13 (more complete version of the policy)

E. FERPA handout included in new or changed access to SIS.

Q: What student records are addressed by FERPA?

A: FERPA defines an education record as ANY record about a student that is created and maintained by the university or by an individual working for the university. These records include academic, advising, financial, residential, etc.

Q: Who may have access to students' education records?

A: The student, anyone granted access by the student, university officials for legitimate educational purposes, and selected others who may be given access through the Registrar's Office.

Q: Can I change my son/daughter/brother/sister/spouse/roommate's mailing address?

A: Unless the student has given specific written permission to another person to do so, only the student may process any transaction.

Q: An FBI agent flashed his badge at my front counter staff and demanded a copy of a former student's transcript. I gave it to him. Is that OK?

A: No. Transcripts cannot be released without the written consent of the student or a lawfully issued supoena. FBI agents, police and probation officers, process servers, lawyers, must get consent of the student or they must provide a court-issued subpoena to the University's Custodian of Records (the Office of the Registrar) in order to view and/or obtain a copy of a student record. All such requests should be referred to the Registrar's Administrative Office, SSV B121, 965-7302.

Q: A student with whom I have worked for the last three years called and asked me for his probation/disqualification status on the telephone, because he has moved and his mail hasn't caught up with him yet. I gave it to him. Is that OK?

A: Maybe. While ordinarily no information should be shared over the telephone, if you personally know the student on the telephone, you may use your own best judgment.

Q: My sister attended ASU several years ago and left just before she graduated. I think that under the new 120 hour requirement she might qualify for a degree. I plan to pull up her record to look at it and see if she can graduate. Is that acceptable?

A: No, it is not. Although your motives are admirable in wanting to help your sister, you may not access her record (or ask anyone else to access her record) without her specific authorization. The appropriate route would be to inform her about the 120 hour requirement so that she may pursue the matter herself.

201.4 Parents and the Buckley Amendment

Q: What rights do parents have to their children's educational records?

A: Even if the parent(s) pay for their student's education, regardless of age, the rights transfer to the student when they begin post-secondary education. This means that in the absence of special authorization, even the parents of the precocious 15 year old who is here as a new freshman may not automatically have access to their student's records. It is always appropriate to speak with parents, or anyone else, in general terms about university/college/department requirements, policies, procedures, and practices, without revealing or confirming information about a specific student.

Q: Are there special steps that permit parents to have access?

A: Yes, there are several possibilities:

a. The student may simply give the parent(s) a copy of the record or document that they wish to see. (This is the easiest and the recommended method.)

b. The student may file an authorization with the Registrar's Office granting ongoing access rights to the parent(s).

c. The student may give the parent(s) written permission for selected access, either limited as to scope or duration.

d. Although not recommended, because of the hard feelings that often develop, the parent(s) may file an Affidavit of Dependency with the Registrar's Office, along with a copy of the most recent federal 1040 tax form, showing the student as a tax dependent. This action permits full parental access to records, and may be taken without the consent or knowledge of the student, although parent/student communication is always strongly encouraged. Generally, if a parent goes to this length to see or obtain a student's record (usually the transcript), it is a strong indication of a student in academic difficulty who is not communicating with his or her parents. Because the 1040 applies only to one calendar year, this action must be repeated on an annual basis. Parents who insist on following this procedure should be directed to the Registrar's Academic Files Section at 965-7276.

Q: What about the parent who aggressively demands access? How long do I have to hold out?

A: It is never acceptable to just cave in. If you have a parent who simply will not take no for an answer, you may inform them that they may wish to direct their concern to the Office of the Registrar, which acts as the Custodian of Records for the university. The Registrar's Office staff will work with them to help them understand the requirements and their options.

201.5 Advisors' Responsibility

"SPP 801 Staff Conduct and Work Rules" states that staff are responsible for using records, including electronic data records, in an appropriate manner. This umbrella, generic statement encompasses advisors' responsibilities under FERPA.

201.6 Reference persons

Your Advising Coordinator

Registrar's Records Information Section 965-3124

Associate Registrar 965-7302

202 Communication Skills

Communications skills are essential to the effectiveness of an academic advisor. This brief section will provide tools for improving your listening skills.

202.1 Effective listening skills ("You know you are listening when. .")

Active Listening. Two components of active listening are:

Empathy = The ability to see the world the way another sees it; from another person's "frame of reference."

Sympathy = The ability to share the feelings of another person.

Active listening is attending to the feelings or ideas being expressed by the student. It helps us grasp from his/her point of view just what it is s/he is communicating with us. They will know we are listening if we convey to the student that we are seeing the world from his/her point of view. We do this by:

* LISTENING FOR TOTAL MEANING

All messages have two parts.

1. Content - What they are saying.

2. Feeling - How they are saying it.

* PAYING ATTENTION TO VERBAL & NONVERBAL CUES

Tone of voice, voice inflection (pitch), pace, breathing, etc.

(Also body language, facial expressions, etc.)

* RESPONDING TO FEELINGS

Let the student know you are "Care-Full" and are hearing what they are feeling.

* TESTING FOR UNDERSTANDING (FEEDBACK)

Do not make assumptions - ask questions to verify your understanding.

What do we communicate to people by listening?

We say to student: "You are a valued student; I am interested in what you have to say; believe that what you feel is important; I care about you."

Listening Techniques These three techniques, with practice will improve your active listening skills.


CLARIFICATION

a. Is in the form of a question.

b. Starts with "do you mean that...." or "are you saying that..."

c. Rephrases or translates the person's message to make clear what has been said.

PARAPHRASE - Has to do with CONTENT of the person's message.

a. Is in the form of a statement.

b. Rephrases the content part of the person's message.

c. Translates the person's message into the listener's words, "What I hear you saying is...".

REFLECTION - Has to do with the FEELINGS expressed in the person's message.

a. Is in the form of a statement.

b. Rephrases the feeling (affective) part of the message.

c. Translates the person's message into the listener's words, "It sounds like you're feeling..".

202.2 Guidelines for Responding with Empathy

1. For the moment, put your own feelings and thoughts aside and put yourself in the other person's frame of reference.

2. Listen to the words expressed by the other person, pay attention to the nonverbal components (voice level and affects, eyes, hands, posture), and listen for the feelings stated and implied. What's really going on inside this person?

3. Demonstrate genuine acceptance and desire to understand by your verbal and nonverbal responses. Use good eye contact, posture, gestures, and voice tone, and affect to convey an interest in this person.

4. Using your own words, summarize the main feelings and thoughts expressed or implied by this person in such a way that s/he will know that you respect his/her right as a person to have these feelings and thoughts, and that you want to understand them better and help him/her come to a better understanding of himself/herself.

5. Acceptance of another person should not be confused with agreement. You can disagree with someone's perception or opinion and still accept his/her right to his/her own point of view. Someone's feelings are his/her own; you cannot disagree with them, although you may have different feelings yourself.

6. Your behavior is the real test of your empathy. If your actions are not consistent with your words, you will quickly lose credibility. By demonstrating acceptance and respect with both your words and your actions, you let the other person know that you think s/he is a worthwhile person and thereby provide an environment for awareness, honesty, and growth.

203 Ethics/Code of Conduct

203.1 Code of Ethics

The Code of Ethics section is derived from an assortment of materials provided by Marianne M. Jennings, Professor of Legal & Ethical Studies at ASU.

All advisors at Arizona State University subscribe to a Code of Ethics, whether on a conscious level or not. As a profession dedicated to helping students meet their educational, life, and career goals, it is incumbent upon you as a professional to have your actions and decisions guided by core ethical values including the following:

1) Honesty and integrity

2) Respect and fairness

3) Responsibility, and

4) Pursuit of excellence

Everyone's values differ, but the best way to help our students (not to mention our colleagues, and the public in general) is to put ourselves in the other person's shoes when making an ethical and wise decision.

203.2 Code of Conduct

The following four steps may be used as a guide in our decision making process as it relates to our daily code of conduct.

Step one: Ask yourself who is affected by our action or decision.

a) Students in general?

b) Particular students (in depts., majors, colleges, etc.)?

c) Your co-workers?

d) You?

Step two: Ask yourself how they are affected.

a) How did they say they were affected?

b) If they have not indicated how your decision might affect them, and the outcome is not obvious, ask.

If for whatever reason you cannot ask the person(s), how do you believe they would be affected?

Step Three: Ask yourself what ethical values and other factors are involved in your action or decision.

a) Core ethical values

1) Honesty and integrity

2) Respect and fairness

3) Responsibility

4) Pursuit of excellence

b) Other factors

1) Personal benefit

2) Convenience

3) Limited Resources

Step Four: "Making Your Decision"

Now, knowing who are affected, how they are affected, and what ethical values and other factors are involved, determine the following:

a) What decision will best meet the reasonable needs of all affected persons?

b) Does this decision reflect how you would like to be treated if you were in the other person's shoes.

c) Can your decision be satisfactorily explained to significant people in your life such as family, colleagues, people you trust and respect?

d) How are your decisions likely to be perceived by others?

As an advisor, think of ethical scenarios you have or will face. Encourage discussion of these scenarios at faculty and/or staff meetings. First define the situation or problem. Then apply the four steps discussed in this section as a basis for making the best ethical decision.


204 Using Technology in Advising

204.1 Student Information System (SIS) Mandatory Advising Computer System (MACS)

The Student Information System (SIS) currently in use at ASU became operational in 1980. The most complete source of information about SIS can be found in the SIS User Manual. This manual is introduced in formal SIS training sessions sponsored by the Registrar's Office, and copies can be purchased from the Student Information Systems Office.

Recently revised documentation on MACS, as well as the GS screens, can be obtained from the Office of the Registrar by calling 5-7302.

For information on SIS training schedules, call Employee Development at 5-4751.

the content of training sessions, call Registrar Information at

5-3124.

the SIS Manual, call 5-3497.

Although the above sources of information are very helpful, you should also not be shy about approaching people who may be more knowledgeable about SIS than you are, like your advising coordinator, for instruction and helpful hints. Your Advising Coordinator will also be able to inform you about your unit's policies and procedures for how various parts of SIS, especially MACS, are to be used. Refer to section 602 in the Appendices for instructions on using the basic screens.

The Mandatory Advising Computer System (MACS) became operational for the Fall 1991 semester, after being developed by a group of ASU Academic Advisors, Registrar staff, and Information Technology staff. The system was designed to allow the enforcement of mandatory advising restrictions mandated by the Provost's Office and amended by the various colleges. Through MACS, students who fall in the defined mandatory advising categories for their colleges are identified, and a computer edit prevents them from registering until an authorized Academic Advisor has advised them and updated the Advising Signoff screen. The system allows for (among other things) the enforcement of credit hour limitations and authorized overloads, as well as the restriction of students to specific courses listed by the advisor. It also provides space for extensive documentation of advising contacts; in some units the Notes screen (RGMA016) has virtually replaced (pun intended) hand-written contact sheets of advising sessions.

Each college-level advising unit has a designated Mandatory Advisement Security Administrator whose function is to ensure that only authorized, trained personnel have access to the update functions in MACS. This person is also generally responsible for ordering Compliance Reports, which summarize MACS usage for their unit, and coordinating the notification of students who have mandatory advising requirements.

Although not strictly related to academic advising, the system for electronically posting overrides is also contained in MACS. Course Requirement, Section Full, and Time Conflict overrides can now all be posted electronically during on line registration periods.

204.2 An Advisor's List of Helpful SIS Screens

As convenient reference tool, we are including in this Academic Advising Manual a list of frequently used advisor-relevant SIS screens.

SCREEN DESCRIPTION / INSTRUCTIONS TO ACCESS

Data Base Screens

DB1020 General Information screen showing personal & demographic information

If ASU ID NUMBER is known:

DB10 ASU ID Number [enter]

If only last name is known:

DB10 Last Name [enter]

(This brings up all entries with that last name, organized alphabetically by first name. TAB to the one you want, type "x" in front of it, and hit [enter].)

If full name is known:

DB10 Last Name(comma) First Name Middle Initial [enter]

Admissions Screens

AD01 UG Admissions information.

AD01 ASU ID NUMBER [enter]

From the AD01 screen, other AD screens can be accessed, including high school academic files, transfer transcripts, etc.

AD20 Admission Information screen

From AD01 screen, type "b" in the ACTION field, [tab] over the ID field, then type "20" in the SCREEN field, then hit [enter].

[NOTE: To return to the AD01 screen from other AD screens, type "b" in the ACTION field and "in" in the TASK field.]

AD30 High School Transcript screen (chronological)

From AD01 screen, b [tab] 30 [enter]

From other AD screens, type "b" in the ACTION field and "30" in the TASK field. [This approach allows "toggling" among all of the various AD screens.] To scroll through this (and other) transcript screens, PF1 scrolls down, PF2 scrolls up.

AD32 High School Transcript screen (alphabetical)

From AD01 screen, b [tab] 32 [enter]

AD40 Transfer transcript screen (chronological)

From AD01 screen, b [tab] 40 [put cursor on first digit of Institution Code] [PF9]

AD45 Transfer transcript screen (alphabetical)

From AD01 screen, b [tab] 45 [put cursor on first digit of Institution Code] [PF9]

Registrar Screens

RG54C Unofficial ASU Transcript screen

RG54C ASU ID NUMBER [enter]

RG51 Student's Schedule of Classes

RG51 3-digit semester code ASU ID NUMBER [enter]

RG51VIP Student's Schedule of Classes if "Delinquent Account" appears on RG51

RG51VIP ASU ID NUMBER 3-digit semester code [enter]

RG52 Class Status screen showing instructor, time, location, enrollment

RG52 SLN 3-digit semester code [enter]

RG53A Class Roster screen

RG53A SLN 3-digit semester code [enter]

RG55 Course Section Inquiry screen - Open Class Sections RG55 campus code course prefix & # semester code [enter]

RG55ALL Course Section Inquiry screen - Both Open and Closed Sections

RG55ALL campus code course prefix & # semester code [enter]

RG70 Admission Status screen (may include multiple admit dates)

RG70 ASU ID NUMBER [enter]

RG20i Program of Study screen

RG20I ASU ID NUMBER [enter]

RG60 Test Score Posting screen (math and English)

RG60 ASU ID NUMBER [enter]

RG61 Placement Courses screen (math and English)

RG61 ASU ID NUMBER [enter]

RGCR01 Course Maintenance Menu, including course edit information screen

RGCR01 [enter]


RGCA01 Professional Program Professional Program Membership Tracking

Main Menu

RGCA01 [enter]

RGGS01 General Studies Information Main Menu

From main SIS screen:

RGGS01 [enter]

MACS

RGMA01 MACS Main Menu

From main SIS screen

RGMA01 [enter]

The screen with the most up-to-date information about a student's college/degree/major is the MACS Advising Signoff screen (RGMA014). Although it is generally in agreement with the Unofficial Transcript screen (RG54C), a readmitted student, if changing affiliation, will not show up with the new status on RG54c until registration and fee payment have been completed for the readmit semester.

Pre-1980 ASU Transcripts

Student transcripts from semesters prior to Spring 1980 are contained on Permanent Record Cards (PRCs) stored as microfiche files in the Records section of the Registrar's Office and may be obtained upon request.

For helpful guided exercises using a number of SIS/MACS screens, see Section 602 in the appendices entitled SIS. These exercises can be helpful to advisors learning how one might sequence some of these screens in an advising session, and how one is able to toggle between various screens without having to re-enter the student's ID (ASU ID NUMBER) number. Thanks to Paula Hansen for creating this document, distributed as a section of THE PRACTICAL ADVISING GUIDE.

Pre-1987 transfer transcripts are available on microfiche from the Registrar's Office.

204.3 MACS / General Studies

Training on SIS is currently provided by the General Services Section of the Registrar's Office through the Employee Development Unit in the Human Resources Department. The "Introduction to the Student Information System" workshop gives a brief overview of informational screens, including undergraduate admission, name and address, academic transcripts, open/closed class status, and MACS. A schedule of these workshops can be found at the Human Resources ASU Web site (http://asu/edu/hr/edca.htm). To sign up for a workshop, have your department call Employee Development at 5-4791. Recently revised documentation on MACS and the General Studies screens is available through the Office of the Registrar by calling 965-7302.

204.4 The Degree Audit Reporting System (DARS)

General coordination of the DARS project at ASU, including implementation, information, and training, is through the Division of Undergraduate Academic Services (DUAS). A DARS User's Manual is available from the Associate Director of DUAS in charge of the project, and is distributed at training sessions. For more information about DARS and DARS training, call 965- 6538. .

Top Ten Answers Related to Using DARS

1. Will DARS make academic advisors obsolete?

No, quite the opposite. DARS will evaluate ASU and transfer work and apply it to the degree program leaving the advisor time to do other types of advising like course selection, academic planning, and career counseling.

2. Will DARS audits be used by students without the interpretive supervision of their advisors?

Yes. We hope to have DARS available on the World Wide Web in the near future. Also, we anticipate audits being available at remote sites such as the Registrar's Office.

3. Will DARS allow qualified advisors to approve appropriate course substitutions for individual students?

Yes. Advisors will be able to approve substitutions for a student.

4. Will DARS allow standardized ASU course equivalencies to be established for major and non-CEG feeder schools?

Yes. A process has been implemented to allow departments to determine equivalencies to ASU courses for schools outside of the CEG. A list of common transfer courses will be evaluated for most schools; however, for our top 3 feeder schools, (U of A, NAU and BYU) the complete catalogs have been coded.

5. Will DARS audits replace ASU transcripts? Programs of Study?

While we anticipate DARS replacing the POS, DARS will not replace an official transcript.

6. Will DARS audits be available for students graduating under pre-1996 catalogs?

We do not plan on coding any catalogs prior to the 1996-98 catalog at this time.

7. How will DARS handle concurrent degrees? Courses from various ASU campuses?

Minors?

DARS can handle concurrent degrees, minors and courses from the various ASU campuses.

8. What types of computer/printer/connections are necessary for an advisor to use DARS?

An ethernet connection is required for the printer that will print the audit reports. The computer requirements are the same as those for accessing SIS.

9. How soon will DARS pick up changes to a student's transcripts? Duplication of credits? Need for grade deletions?

Changes to the ASU transcript are instantaneous, although a new audit needs to be run to show the change. Currently changes to a transfer transcript require a 24 hours turn around. Currently, there is a requirement in DARS that alerts the advisor/student if a deletion is needed. The deletion must still be processed by the Registrar's Office.

10. How official, in legal terms, is a DARS audit?

The only official record is the ASU transcript. However, every effort by DARS staff and academic departments is made to ensure that the audit report is accurate.

11. Can DARS be modified as ASU programs are modified?

Yes. However, changes need to be done prior to a new catalog year. Changes during a catalog period are rare.

204.5 Electronic Mail

Some legal issues should be considered about communicating with students via e-mail unless a signed authorization from student is on file. Most, if not all, academic advisors at ASU now have electronic mail (e-mail) accounts and computers capable of sending and receiving e-mail messages. In an academic advising context, advisors are using e-mail to: communicate with other ASU advisors; to receive advising updates from various internal sources (such as department chairs, deans, advising coordinators, the ASU Council of Academic Advisors, etc.); to stay abreast of what is happening in advising outside the institution (through memberships to relevant listservs and accessing home pages of other institutions and professional organizations); to communicate directly with advisees, whether in actual attendance at ASU or not. This is especially effective in communicating with international students or ASU students studying in other countries.

204.6 World Wide Web

The ASU net site address is http://www.asu.edu. Within this site, advisors as well as students and the general public can access much information about the institution and its components. Some advising offices and even individual advisors have home pages with useful information. Helpful ASU net sites for academic advisors to be aware of include:

the ASU Online Directory;

the Schedule of Classes;

ASU Forms Online;

Financial Aid Services Through Technology (FASTT);

Parking Services (ParkSmart)

Questions about the technology needed to "surf" the Web and the procedures for accessing Web resources should be addressed to the technical support staff person in your administrative area.

Please also refer to section 317.

204.7 ASU Data Warehouse

The ASU Data Warehouse, to quote from the Data Administration pamphlet on the subject, is "a collection of integrated student, financial, and employee data for decision support." It is accessed through a sufficiently powerful desktop computer with the appropriate software and an ASU Ethernet connection.

Although Data Warehouse is not a tool the average advisor uses on a daily basis, it allows advising offices to generate useful reports of various sorts, such as numbers and categories of advisees, history of students' MACS advising contacts, students' grades and probation status, etc. Adept Warehouse users can quickly generate reports as simple as raw numbers of students in particular categories. They can also generate reports similar to standard MACS Compliance Reports, produce lists of students with mid-term D/E deficiencies, etc. It is also possible to generate address labels to accompany the reports.

As the Data Warehouse is perfected, it is probable that certain sorts of reports formerly available through centralized distributors will become the responsibility of individual units to design and generate on their own.

More information about ASU Data Warehouse can be requested from Data Administration by calling 5-5959 or by e-mailing WARE-Q.

205 Professional Development and Training

205.1 Organizations

The ASU academic advising community has identified the following organizations as primary resources to provide professional development opportunities, campus, regional and national communication networks, access to current advising issues and local and national programs.

Council of Academic Advisors (CAA)

The Arizona State University Council of Academic Advisors has as its primary purpose the improvement of academic advising at ASU. It pursues this purpose:

1. Through professional development for its members.

2. Through representative participation university-wide in activities which have potential effect on academic policies and procedures.

3. Through activities which contribute to the recognition by the university community of the importance of academic advising at the university and the professional nature of that activity.

Primary Membership is available to ASU employees who meet one of the following criteria:

1. Consider themselves to be " academic advisors" by virtue of their job title, job description, and/or primary employment responsibilities.

2. Have as a primary employment responsibility the direct supervision of academic advisors and/or coordination of academic advising programs.

Privileges of primary membership includes voting privileges on official CAA matters and the privilege of running for elected office within the CAA organization.

Affiliate Membership is available to ASU employees who are not described in the primary membership criteria but who are supportive of CAA's mission and wish to keep informed of the organization's activities. Affiliate members are encouraged to attend CAA meetings, participate in discussion of issues at those meetings, and receive CAA memos, notices, any other publications by virtue of inclusion on organization mailing lists.




The Advising Coordinators Board (ACB)

The Advising Coordinators Board consists of the advising coordinators/administrators from each college, the University Academic Advising Center and Transfer Services, Intercollegiate Athletics, ASU-West, ASU-East, and the CAA president.

ACB coordinates campus wide advising efforts and addresses issues concerning academic advising needing more specific attention than CAA is able to provide, such as this manual. ACB may also serve as a decision making body representing academic advising to the ASU community.

Student Services Network (SSN)

The Student Services Network (SSN, formerly JAAM) is the ASU West group comprised of professional staff members such as: academic advisors, recruiters, financial aid counselors, admissions and records, multi-cultural student services, etc. SSN meets on a monthly basis to discuss and share information and provide updates and changes regarding ASU West services.

National Academic Advising Association (NACADA)

The National Academic Advising Association (NACADA) is the national organization dedicated to academic advising issues. NACADA has been providing a forum for academic advisors to network on a national level with peers at a variety of institutions since the 1970's. NACADA provides award and recognition opportunities to individual advisors and institutions. Specific commissions in NACADA include:

Advising Students with Disabilities Advising Administration

Advising Student Athletes Technology in Advising

Advising Business Majors Advising Undecided Students

Adult Learners Advising as a Profession

Multicultural Concerns Advisor Development

Advising Graduate Students Small Colleges and Universities

Two-Year Colleges

Membership to NACADA include faculty, administrators, and professional advisors throughout higher education. Membership information is provided on the NACADA home page in the WEB (http://www.ksu.edu/nacada). NACADA is broken down into ten regions throughout North America. ASU is a member of the Rocky Mountain Region (10) that includes Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico.



205.2 Conferences

The NACADA National Conference is hosted by various cities in North America in early October every year. The conference consists of Keynote speakers, general workshops and panel discussions, awards ceremonies, and business meetings.

Rocky Mountain Region (10) hosts a conference in the late spring of each year. This conference provides similar benefits as the national conference, yet on a smaller, more intimate scale. States participating in Region 10 include Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico.

State Advisors' Meeting/Conference is hosted by an Arizona school in September. This event takes place on a Friday evening and Saturday and includes business meetings and workshops.

Maricopa Community Colleges District also hosts a day-long conference in the Fall at a resort in the Phoenix Metropolitan area. This conference provides workshops pertaining to working with community college students, and their transitions into the universities. A guest Keynote speaker highlights the lunch.

206 Approaches to Advising

206.1 Definitions of Approaches

These definitions for prescriptive and intrusive advising are taken from a NACADA article by Walter R. Earl. Most advisors use a combination of approaches.

1. Prescriptive advising mandates that a student's performance follow set prescribed curriculum requirements, rules, and regulations. Student motivation is secondary to required performance since the student is not in a learning mode. The prescriptive model does not solve the retention problems based on motivation to perform. In this model you focus on instructing your students to understand curriculum requirements, university/college policies and procedures, etc. You do not focus on student motivation using this model.

2. Intrusive advising defines the tasks and knowledge that you as an academic advising professional must use to assist the student in meeting the "myth of self-reliance." Knowledge and tasks covered through intrusive advising typically include appropriate course load, when to repeat failed classes, how to withdraw from classes, meeting prerequisites, and effective use of general education requirements. The central theme of intrusive advising is your intrusive interaction with the students' academic adjustment rather than just dealing with their scheduling needs. ASU's MACS system supports intrusive advising.

3. Developmental advising

Developmental Advising refers to the relationship between an advisor and a student or small group of students based on the developmental theories from the field of psychology. A leading definition of developmental advising states:

"Academic advising is a developmental process which assists students in the clarification of their life and career goals and in the development of educational plans for the realization of these goals. It is a decision making process through communication and information exchanges with an advisor; it is ongoing, multifaceted, and the responsibility of both student and advisor." Winston, Miller, Ender and Grites.

206.2 Developmental Academic Advising Model (O'Banion)

Terry O'Banion's model maintains that academic advising is a process which includes the following five dimensions in priority of importance to the advising interaction: 1) exploration of life goals, 2) exploration of vocational goals, 3) program choice, 4) course choice, and 5) scheduling courses. To address each of these five dimensions, as an academic advisor you must consider the skills, knowledge, and attitudes required to assist your students in exploring each of these steps. O'Banion offers the following tentative listing of such requirements:

1. Exploration of life goals: (a) knowledge of student characteristics and development, (b) understanding of the decision-making process, (c) knowledge of psychology and sociology, (d) skills in counseling techniques, (e) appreciation of individual differences, (f) belief in worth and dignity of all people, and (g) belief that all have potential.

2. Exploration of vocational goals: (all under number one above plus the following): (a) knowledge of vocational fields, (b) skill in interpretation of tests, (c) understanding of changing nature of work in society, (d) acceptance of all fields of work as worthy and dignified.

3. Program choice: (a) Knowledge of programs available in the university/college, (b) knowledge of requirements of programs, (special entrance requirements, fees, time commitments), (c) knowledge of university requirements for transfer programs, (d) knowledge of follow-up success of those who have completed the program.

4. Course choice: (a) knowledge of courses available, (b) knowledge of any special information regarding courses (prerequisites, offered only at certain times, transferability, does the course meet graduation requirements?, what is the appropriate sequence for the university?), (c) rules and regulations of the university college regarding probation and disqualification, limit on course load (academic and work limitations), (d) knowledge of honors courses or remedial courses, (e) knowledge of instructors and their teaching styles, (f) knowledge of your student's abilities through test scores, high school record, and (g) knowledge of course content.

5. Scheduling courses: (a) knowledge of schedule, (b) knowledge of the systems of scheduling and changing the schedule, and (c) knowledge of work and commuting requirements.
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